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Diabetes is categorized into distinct types based on its causes and management needs. Understanding these categories helps in identifying the best treatment approach and managing the condition effectively.
PRE-DIABETES describes a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal, although not high enough to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
People with pre-diabetes have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Without sustained lifestyle changes, including healthy eating, increased activity and losing weight, approximately one in three people with pre-diabetes will go on to develop type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that causes the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas to be destroyed, preventing the body from being able to produce enough insulin to adequately regulate blood glucose levels.
Type 1 diabetes may sometimes be referred to as juvenile diabetes, however, this term is regarded as outdated as, whilst it is commonly diagnosed in children, the condition can develop at any age.
IDDM- Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is another term that may sometimes be used to describe type 1 diabetes. Because type 1 diabetes causes the loss of insulin production, it therefore requires regular insulin administration either by injection or by insulin pump.
Type 2 diabetes represents 85 – 90 per cent of cases of diabetes and is diagnosed when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin and/or the insulin does not work effectively and/or the cells of the body do not respond to insulin effectively known as insulin resistance.
Type 2 diabetes usually develops in adults over the age of 35 years but is increasingly occurring in younger age groups including children, adolescents and young adults. It is more likely in people with a family history of type 2 diabetes or history of gestational diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is managed with a combination of regular physical activity, healthy eating and weight reduction. As type 2 diabetes is often progressive, most people will need oral medications and/or insulin injections in addition to lifestyle changes over time.
Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth. It can occur at any stage of pregnancy, but is more common in the second half. It occurs if body cannot produce enough insulin a hormone that helps control blood sugar levels- to meet the extra needs in pregnancy.
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young or MODY affects 1-2% of people with diabetes, although it often goes unrecognised.
Several forms of diabetes are associated with monogenic defects in beta cells. They are characterized by early onset in young age before 25, inheritance is autosomal dominant and they have impaired insulin secretion from beta cell with minimal insulin resistance. Six different chromosomal locations have been identified.
This type of Diabetes may be treated by diet or tablets and does not always need insulin treatment.
LADA includes a heterogeneous group of conditions that are phenotypically similar to type 2 diabetes, but patient have autoantibodies that are common to type 1 diabetes. Diagnostic criteria includes age of 30 years or older, no insulin treatment required for six months after diagnosis and presence of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), islet cells (ICA), tyrosine phosphate (IA 2ALPH and IA 2BETA ), or insulin autoantibodies (IAA).
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